# DNS

<!--introduced_in=v0.10.0-->

> Stability: 2 - Stable

The `dns` module contains functions belonging to two different categories:

1) Functions that use the underlying operating system facilities to perform
name resolution, and that do not necessarily perform any network communication.
This category contains only one function: [`dns.lookup()`][]. **Developers
looking to perform name resolution in the same way that other applications on
the same operating system behave should use [`dns.lookup()`][].**

For example, looking up `iana.org`.

```js
const dns = require('dns');

dns.lookup('iana.org', (err, address, family) => {
  console.log('address: %j family: IPv%s', address, family);
});
// address: "192.0.43.8" family: IPv4
```

2) Functions that connect to an actual DNS server to perform name resolution,
and that _always_ use the network to perform DNS queries. This category
contains all functions in the `dns` module _except_ [`dns.lookup()`][]. These
functions do not use the same set of configuration files used by
[`dns.lookup()`][] (e.g. `/etc/hosts`). These functions should be used by
developers who do not want to use the underlying operating system's facilities
for name resolution, and instead want to _always_ perform DNS queries.

Below is an example that resolves `'archive.org'` then reverse resolves the IP
addresses that are returned.

```js
const dns = require('dns');

dns.resolve4('archive.org', (err, addresses) => {
  if (err) throw err;

  console.log(`addresses: ${JSON.stringify(addresses)}`);

  addresses.forEach((a) => {
    dns.reverse(a, (err, hostnames) => {
      if (err) {
        throw err;
      }
      console.log(`reverse for ${a}: ${JSON.stringify(hostnames)}`);
    });
  });
});
```

There are subtle consequences in choosing one over the other, please consult
the [Implementation considerations section][] for more information.

## Class dns.Resolver
<!-- YAML
added: v8.3.0
-->

An independent resolver for DNS requests.

Note that creating a new resolver uses the default server settings. Setting
the servers used for a resolver using
[`resolver.setServers()`][`dns.setServers()`] does not affect
other resolver:

```js
const { Resolver } = require('dns');
const resolver = new Resolver();
resolver.setServers(['4.4.4.4']);

// This request will use the server at 4.4.4.4, independent of global settings.
resolver.resolve4('example.org', (err, addresses) => {
  // ...
});
```

The following methods from the `dns` module are available:

* [`resolver.getServers()`][`dns.getServers()`]
* [`resolver.setServers()`][`dns.setServers()`]
* [`resolver.resolve()`][`dns.resolve()`]
* [`resolver.resolve4()`][`dns.resolve4()`]
* [`resolver.resolve6()`][`dns.resolve6()`]
* [`resolver.resolveAny()`][`dns.resolveAny()`]
* [`resolver.resolveCname()`][`dns.resolveCname()`]
* [`resolver.resolveMx()`][`dns.resolveMx()`]
* [`resolver.resolveNaptr()`][`dns.resolveNaptr()`]
* [`resolver.resolveNs()`][`dns.resolveNs()`]
* [`resolver.resolvePtr()`][`dns.resolvePtr()`]
* [`resolver.resolveSoa()`][`dns.resolveSoa()`]
* [`resolver.resolveSrv()`][`dns.resolveSrv()`]
* [`resolver.resolveTxt()`][`dns.resolveTxt()`]
* [`resolver.reverse()`][`dns.reverse()`]

### resolver.cancel()
<!-- YAML
added: v8.3.0
-->

Cancel all outstanding DNS queries made by this resolver. The corresponding
callbacks will be called with an error with code `ECANCELLED`.

## dns.getServers()
<!-- YAML
added: v0.11.3
-->

Returns an array of IP address strings, formatted according to [rfc5952][],
that are currently configured for DNS resolution. A string will include a port
section if a custom port is used.

For example:

<!-- eslint-disable semi-->
```js
[
  '4.4.4.4',
  '2001:4860:4860::8888',
  '4.4.4.4:1053',
  '[2001:4860:4860::8888]:1053'
]
```

## dns.lookup(hostname[, options], callback)
<!-- YAML
added: v0.1.90
changes:
  - version: v1.2.0
    pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/744
    description: The `all` option is supported now.
-->
- `hostname` {string}
- `options` {integer | Object}
  - `family` {integer} The record family. Must be `4` or `6`. IPv4
    and IPv6 addresses are both returned by default.
  - `hints` {number} One or more [supported `getaddrinfo` flags][]. Multiple
    flags may be passed by bitwise `OR`ing their values.
  - `all` {boolean} When `true`, the callback returns all resolved addresses in
    an array. Otherwise, returns a single address. **Default:** `false`
  - `verbatim` {boolean} When `true`, the callback receives IPv4 and IPv6
    addresses in the order the DNS resolver returned them.  When `false`,
    IPv4 addresses are placed before IPv6 addresses.
    **Default:** currently `false` (addresses are reordered) but this is expected
    to change in the not too distant future.
    New code should use `{ verbatim: true }`.
- `callback` {Function}
  - `err` {Error}
  - `address` {string} A string representation of an IPv4 or IPv6 address.
  - `family` {integer} `4` or `6`, denoting the family of `address`.

Resolves a hostname (e.g. `'nodejs.org'`) into the first found A (IPv4) or
AAAA (IPv6) record. All `option` properties are optional. If `options` is an
integer, then it must be `4` or `6` – if `options` is not provided, then IPv4
and IPv6 addresses are both returned if found.

With the `all` option set to `true`, the arguments for `callback` change to
`(err, addresses)`, with `addresses` being an array of objects with the
properties `address` and `family`.

On error, `err` is an [`Error`][] object, where `err.code` is the error code.
Keep in mind that `err.code` will be set to `'ENOENT'` not only when
the hostname does not exist but also when the lookup fails in other ways
such as no available file descriptors.

`dns.lookup()` does not necessarily have anything to do with the DNS protocol.
The implementation uses an operating system facility that can associate names
with addresses, and vice versa. This implementation can have subtle but
important consequences on the behavior of any Node.js program. Please take some
time to consult the [Implementation considerations section][] before using
`dns.lookup()`.

Example usage:

```js
const dns = require('dns');
const options = {
  family: 6,
  hints: dns.ADDRCONFIG | dns.V4MAPPED,
};
dns.lookup('example.com', options, (err, address, family) =>
  console.log('address: %j family: IPv%s', address, family));
// address: "2606:2800:220:1:248:1893:25c8:1946" family: IPv6

// When options.all is true, the result will be an Array.
options.all = true;
dns.lookup('example.com', options, (err, addresses) =>
  console.log('addresses: %j', addresses));
// addresses: [{"address":"2606:2800:220:1:248:1893:25c8:1946","family":6}]
```

If this method is invoked as its [`util.promisify()`][]ed version, and `all`
is not set to `true`, it returns a Promise for an object with `address` and
`family` properties.

### Supported getaddrinfo flags

The following flags can be passed as hints to [`dns.lookup()`][].

- `dns.ADDRCONFIG`: Returned address types are determined by the types
of addresses supported by the current system. For example, IPv4 addresses
are only returned if the current system has at least one IPv4 address
configured. Loopback addresses are not considered.
- `dns.V4MAPPED`: If the IPv6 family was specified, but no IPv6 addresses were
found, then return IPv4 mapped IPv6 addresses. Note that it is not supported
on some operating systems (e.g FreeBSD 10.1).

## dns.lookupService(address, port, callback)
<!-- YAML
added: v0.11.14
-->
- `address` {string}
- `port` {number}
- `callback` {Function}
  - `err` {Error}
  - `hostname` {string} e.g. `example.com`
  - `service` {string} e.g. `http`

Resolves the given `address` and `port` into a hostname and service using
the operating system's underlying `getnameinfo` implementation.

If `address` is not a valid IP address, a `TypeError` will be thrown.
The `port` will be coerced to a number. If it is not a legal port, a `TypeError`
will be thrown.

On an error, `err` is an [`Error`][] object, where `err.code` is the error code.

```js
const dns = require('dns');
dns.lookupService('127.0.0.1', 22, (err, hostname, service) => {
  console.log(hostname, service);
  // Prints: localhost ssh
});
```

If this method is invoked as its [`util.promisify()`][]ed version, it returns a
Promise for an object with `hostname` and `service` properties.

## dns.resolve(hostname[, rrtype], callback)
<!-- YAML
added: v0.1.27
-->
- `hostname` {string} Hostname to resolve.
- `rrtype` {string} Resource record type. **Default:** `'A'`
- `callback` {Function}
  - `err` {Error}
  - `records` {string[] | Object[] | Object}

Uses the DNS protocol to resolve a hostname (e.g. `'nodejs.org'`) into an array
of the resource records. The `callback` function has arguments
`(err, records)`. When successful, `records` will be an array of resource
records. The type and structure of individual results varies based on `rrtype`:

|  `rrtype` | `records` contains             | Result type | Shorthand method         |
|-----------|--------------------------------|-------------|--------------------------|
| `'A'`     | IPv4 addresses (default)       | {string}    | [`dns.resolve4()`][]     |
| `'AAAA'`  | IPv6 addresses                 | {string}    | [`dns.resolve6()`][]     |
| `'CNAME'` | canonical name records         | {string}    | [`dns.resolveCname()`][] |
| `'MX'`    | mail exchange records          | {Object}    | [`dns.resolveMx()`][]    |
| `'NAPTR'` | name authority pointer records | {Object}    | [`dns.resolveNaptr()`][] |
| `'NS'`    | name server records            | {string}    | [`dns.resolveNs()`][]    |
| `'PTR'`   | pointer records                | {string}    | [`dns.resolvePtr()`][]   |
| `'SOA'`   | start of authority records     | {Object}    | [`dns.resolveSoa()`][]   |
| `'SRV'`   | service records                | {Object}    | [`dns.resolveSrv()`][]   |
| `'TXT'`   | text records                   | {string[]}  | [`dns.resolveTxt()`][]   |
| `'ANY'`   | any records                    | {Object}    | [`dns.resolveAny()`][]   |

On error, `err` is an [`Error`][] object, where `err.code` is one of the
[DNS error codes](#dns_error_codes).

## dns.resolve4(hostname[, options], callback)
<!-- YAML
added: v0.1.16
changes:
  - version: v7.2.0
    pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/9296
    description: This method now supports passing `options`,
                 specifically `options.ttl`.
-->
- `hostname` {string} Hostname to resolve.
- `options` {Object}
  - `ttl` {boolean} Retrieve the Time-To-Live value (TTL) of each record.
    When `true`, the callback receives an array of
    `{ address: '1.2.3.4', ttl: 60 }` objects rather than an array of strings,
    with the TTL expressed in seconds.
- `callback` {Function}
  - `err` {Error}
  - `addresses` {string[] | Object[]}

Uses the DNS protocol to resolve a IPv4 addresses (`A` records) for the
`hostname`. The `addresses` argument passed to the `callback` function
will contain an array of IPv4 addresses (e.g.
`['74.125.79.104', '74.125.79.105', '74.125.79.106']`).


## dns.resolve6(hostname[, options], callback)
<!-- YAML
added: v0.1.16
changes:
  - version: v7.2.0
    pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/9296
    description: This method now supports passing `options`,
                 specifically `options.ttl`.
-->
- `hostname` {string} Hostname to resolve.
- `options` {Object}
  - `ttl` {boolean} Retrieve the Time-To-Live value (TTL) of each record.
    When `true`, the callback receives an array of
    `{ address: '0:1:2:3:4:5:6:7', ttl: 60 }` objects rather than an array of
    strings, with the TTL expressed in seconds.
- `callback` {Function}
  - `err` {Error}
  - `addresses` {string[] | Object[]}

Uses the DNS protocol to resolve a IPv6 addresses (`AAAA` records) for the
`hostname`. The `addresses` argument passed to the `callback` function
will contain an array of IPv6 addresses.


## dns.resolveCname(hostname, callback)
<!-- YAML
added: v0.3.2
-->
- `hostname` {string}
- `callback` {Function}
  - `err` {Error}
  - `addresses` {string[]}

Uses the DNS protocol to resolve `CNAME` records for the `hostname`. The
`addresses` argument passed to the `callback` function
will contain an array of canonical name records available for the `hostname`
(e.g. `['bar.example.com']`).

## dns.resolveMx(hostname, callback)
<!-- YAML
added: v0.1.27
-->
- `hostname` {string}
- `callback` {Function}
  - `err` {Error}
  - `addresses` {Object[]}

Uses the DNS protocol to resolve mail exchange records (`MX` records) for the
`hostname`. The `addresses` argument passed to the `callback` function will
contain an array of objects containing both a `priority` and `exchange`
property (e.g. `[{priority: 10, exchange: 'mx.example.com'}, ...]`).

## dns.resolveNaptr(hostname, callback)
<!-- YAML
added: v0.9.12
-->
- `hostname` {string}
- `callback` {Function}
  - `err` {Error}
  - `addresses` {Object[]}

Uses the DNS protocol to resolve regular expression based records (`NAPTR`
records) for the `hostname`. The `addresses` argument passed to the `callback`
function will contain an array of objects with the following properties:

* `flags`
* `service`
* `regexp`
* `replacement`
* `order`
* `preference`

For example:

<!-- eslint-skip -->
```js
{
  flags: 's',
  service: 'SIP+D2U',
  regexp: '',
  replacement: '_sip._udp.example.com',
  order: 30,
  preference: 100
}
```

## dns.resolveNs(hostname, callback)
<!-- YAML
added: v0.1.90
-->
- `hostname` {string}
- `callback` {Function}
  - `err` {Error}
  - `addresses` {string[]}

Uses the DNS protocol to resolve name server records (`NS` records) for the
`hostname`. The `addresses` argument passed to the `callback` function will
contain an array of name server records available for `hostname`
(e.g. `['ns1.example.com', 'ns2.example.com']`).

## dns.resolvePtr(hostname, callback)
<!-- YAML
added: v6.0.0
-->
- `hostname` {string}
- `callback` {Function}
  - `err` {Error}
  - `addresses` {string[]}

Uses the DNS protocol to resolve pointer records (`PTR` records) for the
`hostname`. The `addresses` argument passed to the `callback` function will
be an array of strings containing the reply records.

## dns.resolveSoa(hostname, callback)
<!-- YAML
added: v0.11.10
-->
- `hostname` {string}
- `callback` {Function}
  - `err` {Error}
  - `address` {Object}

Uses the DNS protocol to resolve a start of authority record (`SOA` record) for
the `hostname`. The `address` argument passed to the `callback` function will
be an object with the following properties:

* `nsname`
* `hostmaster`
* `serial`
* `refresh`
* `retry`
* `expire`
* `minttl`

<!-- eslint-skip -->
```js
{
  nsname: 'ns.example.com',
  hostmaster: 'root.example.com',
  serial: 2013101809,
  refresh: 10000,
  retry: 2400,
  expire: 604800,
  minttl: 3600
}
```

## dns.resolveSrv(hostname, callback)
<!-- YAML
added: v0.1.27
-->
- `hostname` {string}
- `callback` {Function}
  - `err` {Error}
  - `addresses` {Object[]}

Uses the DNS protocol to resolve service records (`SRV` records) for the
`hostname`. The `addresses` argument passed to the `callback` function will
be an array of objects with the following properties:

* `priority`
* `weight`
* `port`
* `name`

<!-- eslint-skip -->
```js
{
  priority: 10,
  weight: 5,
  port: 21223,
  name: 'service.example.com'
}
```

## dns.resolveTxt(hostname, callback)
<!-- YAML
added: v0.1.27
-->
- `hostname` {string}
- `callback` {Function}
  - `err` {Error}
  - `records` {string[][]}

Uses the DNS protocol to resolve text queries (`TXT` records) for the
`hostname`. The `records` argument passed to the `callback` function is a
two-dimensional array of the text records available for `hostname` (e.g.
`[ ['v=spf1 ip4:0.0.0.0 ', '~all' ] ]`). Each sub-array contains TXT chunks of
one record. Depending on the use case, these could be either joined together or
treated separately.

## dns.resolveAny(hostname, callback)

- `hostname` {string}
- `callback` {Function}
  - `err` {Error}
  - `ret` {Object[]}

Uses the DNS protocol to resolve all records (also known as `ANY` or `*` query).
The `ret` argument passed to the `callback` function will be an array containing
various types of records. Each object has a property `type` that indicates the
type of the current record. And depending on the `type`, additional properties
will be present on the object:

| Type | Properties |
|------|------------|
| `"A"` | `address` / `ttl` |
| `"AAAA"` | `address` / `ttl` |
| `"CNAME"` | `value` |
| `"MX"` | Refer to [`dns.resolveMx()`][] |
| `"NAPTR"` | Refer to [`dns.resolveNaptr()`][] |
| `"NS"` | `value` |
| `"PTR"` | `value` |
| `"SOA"` | Refer to [`dns.resolveSoa()`][] |
| `"SRV"` | Refer to [`dns.resolveSrv()`][] |
| `"TXT"` | This type of record contains an array property called `entries` which refers to [`dns.resolveTxt()`][], eg. `{ entries: ['...'], type: 'TXT' }` |

Here is an example of the `ret` object passed to the callback:

<!-- eslint-disable semi -->
```js
[ { type: 'A', address: '127.0.0.1', ttl: 299 },
  { type: 'CNAME', value: 'example.com' },
  { type: 'MX', exchange: 'alt4.aspmx.l.example.com', priority: 50 },
  { type: 'NS', value: 'ns1.example.com' },
  { type: 'TXT', entries: [ 'v=spf1 include:_spf.example.com ~all' ] },
  { type: 'SOA',
    nsname: 'ns1.example.com',
    hostmaster: 'admin.example.com',
    serial: 156696742,
    refresh: 900,
    retry: 900,
    expire: 1800,
    minttl: 60 } ]
```

## dns.reverse(ip, callback)
<!-- YAML
added: v0.1.16
-->
- `ip` {string}
- `callback` {Function}
  - `err` {Error}
  - `hostnames` {string[]}

Performs a reverse DNS query that resolves an IPv4 or IPv6 address to an
array of hostnames.

On error, `err` is an [`Error`][] object, where `err.code` is
one of the [DNS error codes][].

## dns.setServers(servers)
<!-- YAML
added: v0.11.3
-->
- `servers` {string[]} array of [rfc5952][] formatted addresses

Sets the IP address and port of servers to be used when performing DNS
resolution. The `servers` argument is an array of [rfc5952][] formatted
addresses. If the port is the IANA default DNS port (53) it can be omitted.

For example:

```js
dns.setServers([
  '4.4.4.4',
  '[2001:4860:4860::8888]',
  '4.4.4.4:1053',
  '[2001:4860:4860::8888]:1053'
]);
```

An error will be thrown if an invalid address is provided.

The `dns.setServers()` method must not be called while a DNS query is in
progress.

## Error codes

Each DNS query can return one of the following error codes:

- `dns.NODATA`: DNS server returned answer with no data.
- `dns.FORMERR`: DNS server claims query was misformatted.
- `dns.SERVFAIL`: DNS server returned general failure.
- `dns.NOTFOUND`: Domain name not found.
- `dns.NOTIMP`: DNS server does not implement requested operation.
- `dns.REFUSED`: DNS server refused query.
- `dns.BADQUERY`: Misformatted DNS query.
- `dns.BADNAME`: Misformatted hostname.
- `dns.BADFAMILY`: Unsupported address family.
- `dns.BADRESP`: Misformatted DNS reply.
- `dns.CONNREFUSED`: Could not contact DNS servers.
- `dns.TIMEOUT`: Timeout while contacting DNS servers.
- `dns.EOF`: End of file.
- `dns.FILE`: Error reading file.
- `dns.NOMEM`: Out of memory.
- `dns.DESTRUCTION`: Channel is being destroyed.
- `dns.BADSTR`: Misformatted string.
- `dns.BADFLAGS`: Illegal flags specified.
- `dns.NONAME`: Given hostname is not numeric.
- `dns.BADHINTS`: Illegal hints flags specified.
- `dns.NOTINITIALIZED`: c-ares library initialization not yet performed.
- `dns.LOADIPHLPAPI`: Error loading iphlpapi.dll.
- `dns.ADDRGETNETWORKPARAMS`: Could not find GetNetworkParams function.
- `dns.CANCELLED`: DNS query cancelled.

## Implementation considerations

Although [`dns.lookup()`][] and the various `dns.resolve*()/dns.reverse()`
functions have the same goal of associating a network name with a network
address (or vice versa), their behavior is quite different. These differences
can have subtle but significant consequences on the behavior of Node.js
programs.

### `dns.lookup()`

Under the hood, [`dns.lookup()`][] uses the same operating system facilities
as most other programs. For instance, [`dns.lookup()`][] will almost always
resolve a given name the same way as the `ping` command. On most POSIX-like
operating systems, the behavior of the [`dns.lookup()`][] function can be
modified by changing settings in nsswitch.conf(5) and/or resolv.conf(5),
but note that changing these files will change the behavior of _all other
programs running on the same operating system_.

Though the call to `dns.lookup()` will be asynchronous from JavaScript's
perspective, it is implemented as a synchronous call to getaddrinfo(3) that runs
on libuv's threadpool. This can have surprising negative performance
implications for some applications, see the [`UV_THREADPOOL_SIZE`][]
documentation for more information.

Note that various networking APIs will call `dns.lookup()` internally to resolve
host names. If that is an issue, consider resolving the hostname to and address
using `dns.resolve()` and using the address instead of a host name. Also, some
networking APIs (such as [`socket.connect()`][] and [`dgram.createSocket()`][])
allow the default resolver, `dns.lookup()`, to be replaced.

### `dns.resolve()`, `dns.resolve*()` and `dns.reverse()`

These functions are implemented quite differently than [`dns.lookup()`][]. They
do not use getaddrinfo(3) and they _always_ perform a DNS query on the
network. This network communication is always done asynchronously, and does not
use libuv's threadpool.

As a result, these functions cannot have the same negative impact on other
processing that happens on libuv's threadpool that [`dns.lookup()`][] can have.

They do not use the same set of configuration files than what [`dns.lookup()`][]
uses. For instance, _they do not use the configuration from `/etc/hosts`_.

[`Error`]: errors.html#errors_class_error
[`UV_THREADPOOL_SIZE`]: cli.html#cli_uv_threadpool_size_size
[`dgram.createSocket()`]: dgram.html#dgram_dgram_createsocket_options_callback
[`dns.getServers()`]: #dns_dns_getservers
[`dns.lookup()`]: #dns_dns_lookup_hostname_options_callback
[`dns.resolve()`]: #dns_dns_resolve_hostname_rrtype_callback
[`dns.resolve4()`]: #dns_dns_resolve4_hostname_options_callback
[`dns.resolve6()`]: #dns_dns_resolve6_hostname_options_callback
[`dns.resolveAny()`]: #dns_dns_resolveany_hostname_callback
[`dns.resolveCname()`]: #dns_dns_resolvecname_hostname_callback
[`dns.resolveMx()`]: #dns_dns_resolvemx_hostname_callback
[`dns.resolveNaptr()`]: #dns_dns_resolvenaptr_hostname_callback
[`dns.resolveNs()`]: #dns_dns_resolvens_hostname_callback
[`dns.resolvePtr()`]: #dns_dns_resolveptr_hostname_callback
[`dns.resolveSoa()`]: #dns_dns_resolvesoa_hostname_callback
[`dns.resolveSrv()`]: #dns_dns_resolvesrv_hostname_callback
[`dns.resolveTxt()`]: #dns_dns_resolvetxt_hostname_callback
[`dns.reverse()`]: #dns_dns_reverse_ip_callback
[`dns.setServers()`]: #dns_dns_setservers_servers
[`socket.connect()`]: net.html#net_socket_connect_options_connectlistener
[`util.promisify()`]: util.html#util_util_promisify_original
[DNS error codes]: #dns_error_codes
[Implementation considerations section]: #dns_implementation_considerations
[rfc5952]: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5952#section-6
[supported `getaddrinfo` flags]: #dns_supported_getaddrinfo_flags
